Modulation effects are one of our pedalboard’s essentials. But where do they come from and what do they do? We explore the history of modulation, from amps and studio hardware to compact stompboxes ...

For this amplifier the frequency and phase responses ... And it sounds, well, like my hi-fi system. No special “warm valve sound”, but it did give me the momentary cachet of a pair of glass ...

Taking a straightforward approach, using as little math as possible and lots of design know-how, this practical guide provides design principles and construction techniques so readers can devise and ...

The Copland CTA407 is a fuss-free valve amplifier designed for one thing and one thing alone: solid audio performance. It is also interesting as the CTA407 is the only all-valve stereo amplifier ...