The two approaches — laser wakefield and ion beam accelerators — promise ... accelerators driven by short-duration intense electron beams 4. The self-generated cavity serves to trap and ...

277/2, Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and Electron Beams - An International Code of Practice, IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 277/2. It describes options and how to calibrate plane parallel ...

High intensity femtosecond laser pulses have been driving electrons to very high energies reaching million and billion electron volts over length scales that are 100–1,000 times shorter than ...

"When we shine intense infrared laser pulses on a solid material ... electrons moved between different energy bands, showing that electron behavior is affected by the way atoms align.